Curriculum Design free essay sample

A paper which examines a school educational program configuration called Direct Instructions. A paper which shows how a school educational plan configuration called Direct Instructions depends on the model of learning by a similar name. The paper shows that the primary point of the educational plan intended for basic secondary schools of a locale, is the consistency in the educational programs so all the schools confer the equivalent instructive quality and in this way there is no disparity and the entire network stays fulfilled. The educational plan supports coordination between the schools, indistinguishable educator preparing, and slide the understudies change into secondary school as they would have a place with a similar tutoring framework. The Coordinated Learning techniques are intended to penetrate the understudies with what is educated in the class. The understudies are encouraged automaticity where they learn and appreciate their exercises flawlessly. They emphasize the exercises till every single understudy has taken in the exercise. The learning isn't constrained to the homerooms, yet the understudies are additionally instructed to actualize what they have realized and are encouraged the genuine use of what they have realized. We will compose a custom exposition test on Educational plan Design or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The relentless reiteration of work moves the gaining from present moment to long haul memory of the understudy. The understudies are retested at convenient spans to guarantee that they have not overlooked what they have been instructed. In this manner the general impact is that the understudies learning power is quickened and he thinks that its simpler to learn and see new things once he has been shown the propriety of learning.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Climatic Change Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility and Climatic Change - Essay Example The impacts of environmental change are upsetting business activities and transportation, for instance, in the UK; high-sided vehicles are progressively in danger of mishaps from floods and intense breezes. Such interruptions have the impact of decreasing client request and buying power (Dudek and Wiener 1996, Romm 1999), as items and administrations become less accessible because of flighty gracefully. These disturbances additionally confine the capacity of the business to develop, as the business incomes will be deficient to produce benefit for venture purposes. Environmental change in this way represents a hazard to organizations, and the onus is on rethinking corporate social obligation in an offer to pick up efficiencies, and to diminish the organizations commitment to the environmental change issue. Environmental change is ordinarily connected with modern processing plants producing smoke from cooling towers, be that as it may, non-mechanical associations add to environmental change through their carbon and nursery emanations created by their tasks and item/administration lifecycle (Grubb 1989, Cantwell 1995, ICTSD 2005). While this speaks to a component of progress and vulnerability, environmental change-centered corporate activities can have benefits for the association in the method of new items and new markets (Mendelsohn 2000, Richards 2001, Lawrence 2002, Jochem and Madlener 2003). Environmental change methodologies are likewise seen as unsafe because of the huge scope, sustainable power source speculations that are related with lessening the carbon impression (McCarthy et al 2001, Egenhofer et al 2004). For example, if petroleum derivatives ran out, Shell, BP and other huge fuel suppliers would need to put huge sums in choices, which BP has begun doing with its Autogas de spite the fact that it isn't generally accessible. The vehicle business additionally adds to environmental change and an Earth-wide temperature boost through vehicle outflows and organizations in this area are starting to pay heed, and tolerating duty regarding the part they play. For example, in September 2006, Sir Richard Branson, organizer of the Virgin Group gave three billion dollars more than ten years from his association to subsidize the advancement of low carbon vitality sources, for example, wind turbines, cleaner aeronautics fuel and ethanol (BSR 2006). This shows the degrees of responsibility anticipated from organizations, and Virgin have recognized their job particularly as they run train administrations and flights that add to a dangerous atmospheric devation. Corporate social obligation in United States is currently perceived as the fifth biggest funding speculation classification after biotechnology, programming, clinical and media communications (CSM 2001, Raynard and Forstater 2002). The market for clean innovation is set to extend and is as of now worth an expected $40 billion (Raynard and Forstater 2002). This isn't astounding thinking about that the United States is liable for a critical extent of worldwide discharges. This is likewise illustrative of the expanding business sector and client consciousness of their condition, and organizations in this district are as of now benefiting from this. This additionally exhibits organizations are embracing techniques that are activity and adjustment arranged to concentrate on the vitality productivity angles and sustainable power source sourcing (Burton 1996, Adger 2003, Hertin et al 2003, Berkhout et al

Safaricom Market Analysis Report

Safaricom Market Analysis Report Customer and Market Analysis Report (Safaricom) Home›Marketing Posts›Customer and Market Analysis Report (Safaricom) Marketing Posts1. Executive summary This business report provides information about Safaricom a telecommunication company for the company CEO. Included in the information are the terms of reference for the business, findings which has information about the business and product overview, criteria for market segmentation and finally an analysis of the current consumer and marketing situation at the company with the main aim of establishing customer as well as market opportunities for the business. The paper will conclude on how the planned product market will fit with the current product and consumer profiles with the company’s respective consumer group.2. Introduction Terms of referenceBobby Collymore, the chief executive officer of Safaricom has requested this report on consumer and market analysis and to write a comprehensive marketing plan for the business.Saf aricomSafaricom is a leading global telecommunications company with operations in 20 countries across Asia and Africa. The company offers mobile voice and data services (mobile with prepaid and postpaid services), GSM mobile service, broadband internet connection, postpaid mobile connections, broadband service, DTH, turnkey telecom solutions and national and international long distance services to carriers. The company is ranked among the best performing technology companies in the world and with more than 250 million customers across its operations.ScopeWhile doing research for this company, it was quiet important that their suitability for corporate use was considered and following the company rules and regulation as pertains to getting information from their employees.3. Criteria used to segment consumer markets In this analysis, a representative selection procedure was used to interview 10 percent of the employees in five African countries and also five Asian countries between t he periods of January 1st and February concerning the following;Overall satisfaction of the current benefits package and tariffs.Problems that are encountered when dealing with customer care representatives.Suggestions for improving communication policiesLimitationBecause the company has many operations in different countries, we could not get information from all the countries.Language barrier in some countries that we needed an interpreter thus losing the first hand information luster from the intervieweeIt was hard to obtain some additional information.AssumptionsIt has been assumed that information received from the interviewer is right although due to the fact that some employees may represent information.Background informationSafaricom is a leading global telecommunications company with operations in 20 countries across Asia and Africa. The company offers voice data, broadband services and national and international carriers. The company has the purpose of ensuring that custom ers are able to access their otherwise clogged customer services call center and make calls without any interference from congestion whatsoever.4. FindingsBusiness and product overviewSafaricom offers a wide range of product and services. These include;Voice service both in prepays and post pay services. The prepay service allows Safaricom consumers to enjoy the freedom and flexibility to pay as they top up their accounts with Safaricom recharge vouchers. Safaricom post pay offers customers the convenience of a monthly billing with additional benefits of making competitive calls.Internet services. Safaricom offers the safaricom broadband modem (Huawei E220) with a Safaricom router (Huawei E960)Call back services. Safaricom introduced into the market a call back ringtone service called Skiza to entertain callers while they wait for the other person to answer a call. The service is available for all subscribers.The company introduced a first of its kind; mobile money transfer called M pesa. This is an innovative mobile transfer solution that enables customers to transfer money to other subscribers. This service has gained a lot of popularity especially in the African and Asian markets where the company offers its services.The company has also partnered with other handset manufacturers like Nokia to offer affordable mobile phones to its subscribers.Key criteria for segmentation of consumer marketsConsumers are awarded a loyalty point program called ‘Bonga Points’ in which for every $1 used, a customer accumulates 10 points which are equivalent to making a call for one free minute or five free texts.Analysis of the current customer and marketing situationCustomers were generally not satisfied with the current congestion in the company’s network.Problems were encountered with the way the customer services people serve the consumers. Most consumers reported that they were not satisfied with the services they were offered.Older customers had difficulties with th e way they were treated. They complained of being harassed by customer executive employees who seemed not to understand their exact needs.Customers between the ages 18 and 30 had few complaints from the customer services people.Customers also had the issue with making international calls. They complained that making such calls could take unnecessary longer time trying to get connected.The customers also had complaints with the quality of international calls. Although both ages complained, the older generation had more complaints that the quality of international calls was way below the required standards.Customers had complaints concerning the customer service department whom they accused of taking longer than expected to take their calls.Conclusions Most complaints centered on the quality of international voice call services. The Safaricom CEO should look into the matter and ensure that customers are given the best quality they deserve especially in a competitive market where they can look for the same service in another rival company.Most complaints also came from the loyalty benefit system. Customers complained that on trying to redeem the ‘Bonga’ points.Improvements also need be undertaken in the customer service department to cater for all age groups especially the old people who had more complaints.  On the issue of service quality, Safaricom should undertake to decongest their network operations and allow customers to make calls easily.The company should also look into the issue of customer service department keenly as most of the complaints emanated from there. On the issue of taking longer to pick customers calls, the company should look into the possibility of increasing the customer service centers to cater for a high and growing number of new subscribers.Recommendations The CEO should meet with the customer service head of department to discuss the serious nature of complaints from the department. This is especially on the issue of aged custome rs’ complaints and the issue of congestion when customers try calling the customer services.The CEO should also look into the possibility of adding more network boosters to complement the existing ones so as to improve call services across the country. On the issue of international calls, the CEO should hold talks with other CEOs and suggest ways of improving the quality of international services especially due to poor quality of international calls.Improve technology under the ‘Bonga points’ redemption program to ensure that customers enjoy a hustle free point redemption.Customer service people should be re-oriented on customer good customer service to ensure that customers are treated the best way to avoid them looking into the possibility of switching to the rival network.

Film and Communism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3094 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Communism Essay Did you like this example? The Cold War, a period mostly remembered for the constant threat of an arms race, nuclear inhalation, hysteria, quasi-wars, diplomatic stalemates, and the seemingly never ending fear of communism. Spanning nearly half of the twentieth century, 1946 to 1991, the Cold War has changed the way of life for everyone. Starting from the rise of the Bolsheviks and the USSRs hold of Eastern Europe, the Cold War had impacted American life to a great extent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Film and Communism" essay for you Create order Though mentions of diplomatic policies influence on the perception and beliefs of American life have been widely written and talked about, no such conversation exists for domestic medias influence. One forum of media that had taken America by storm in the early twentieth century was film. Though rarely talked about, film had an influence on peoples thoughts during the cold war and also can be seen as a reflection on public opinion during the time. However, to what extent the films of the 1950s and early 1960s reflected and influenced the opinions of the American public is a question rarely asked and or answered; and in this paper this is the question that is to be explored. One of the most remembered and recounted events of the Cold War, from the American view, is the Communist hysteria that swept the nation. When one thinks of the Cold War, the infamous communist hysteria and McCarthy trials are soon to follow. Since the Bolsheviks took control of Russia and formed the USSR, communist fear was on the rise in the US. The First Red Scare immediately followed the fall of Czar Russian era and the end of the First World War. The scare consisted mostly of anti-immigration sentimentals towards Southern and Eastern European immigrants. The fear of communism eventually led to the passage of the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, which lowered the influx of immigrants. By the end of the Second World War, this fear intensified. The idea of communists among regular citizens started to go widely out of control and this growing fear was further intensified by senator Joseph McCarthy. Though the film and entertainment industry was targeted by McCarthy, they themselves wanted to distance themselves from communism. Film was a new form of popular entertainment and art in the early twentieth century. Due to this there was a huge demand for films and movies from the public. The demand created large amounts of revenue and created very strong capitalist industry in its purest sense. The film producers and companies had total control of what they made and whatever they made, made money. Naturally, film producers and executives were opposed to communist philosophy. Eight major studios controlled over 90 percent of the films made and distributed in the United States. The executiveswere hostile to communism, owing to political conviction and economic self-interest, not because they felt beholden to officialdom. Men like Louis B. Mayer at MGM and Joseph Schenck at Twentieth Century-Fox instinctively equated patriotism with capitalism (Shaw Youngblood., Cinematic Cold War : The American and Soviet Struggle for Hearts and Minds , 2010) This act of a pro American view in films was further enhanced by the increasing government surveillance of the film industry, due to the fact the film was seen as a possible propaganda tool for communists. Then FBI Director, Hoover, testified in front of the HUAC in reference to the film industry, the entire industry faces serious embarrassment because it could become a springboard for communist activities. Communist activities in Hollywood is effective and is furthered by communists and sympathizers using the prestige of prominent persons to serve, often unwittingly, the communists cause. The party is content and highly pleased if it is possible to have inserted in a picture a line, a scene, a sequence, conveying the communist lesson, and more particularly, if they can keep out anti-communist lessons (Hoover, 1947). Thus complied with self-interest, preservation, and fear more pro-American and anticommunist features were created in an attempt to sway the American people. Following the end of World War II, a new ideological dichotomy engulfed the entire world. The emergence of the Cold War could be seen at every corner of the globe, and also every facet of American life. Anti-communism became a national ideology, and for many, an obsession. In the early years of the Cold War paranoia reigned supreme. Men like Joseph McCarthy initiated witch hunts in order to root out the communist threat that had supposedly embedded themselves in American society. Any semblance of a connection to communism, no matter the circumstances, essentially doomed you in front of the eyes of the House Un-American Activities Committee. The greatest fear was that communists infiltrated American institutions. One institution that drew much attention, especially in the late 1940s and early 1950s, was Hollywood. J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the FBI at the time, testified in front of the HUAC in regards to Hollywoods communist problem. The Communists have developed one of the greates t propaganda machines the world has ever known. They have been able to penetrate and infiltrate many respectable and reputable public opinion mediums Communist activity in Hollywood is effective and is furthered by Communists and sympathizers using the prestige of prominent persons to serve, often unwittingly, the Communist cause. Oddly, this growing concern came after the most successful year Hollywood had to date. Hollywood and its influence grew, yet so did its worries. The HUAC formed the Blacklist that sought to purge the industry of communists and their sympathizers. Hollywoods adoption of the anti-communist rhetoric was not wholly due to pressure from Washington. Many of the decision makers in the industry saw the adoption as a necessity in order for Hollywood to survive. (A means of survival for the industry?). Following the Blacklist, anti-communist themes began to appear in films across a multitude of genres. The films varied in the prevalence of their anti-communist rhetoric. Some films were blatant propaganda films. Works like Walk East on Beacon! (1952), which J. Edgar Hoover was given a writing credit for, and Big Jim McClain (1952) blared their anti-communist sentiments. Other filmmakers, like Cecil B. Demille, sought to present their ideology in a more subtle fashion. Many different genres incorporated anti-communism into their films. The growing genre of science fiction made the public leery of science experiments. Westerns warn viewers of an encroaching threat that must be stopped. The enormous religious epics, from men like Demille, tapped into the religious aspect of the ideological difference between America and the U.S.S.R. The theme of anti-communism was apparent throughout hundreds of films following the HUAC hearings regarding communism in Hollywood, and was primarily brought about by Hollywood itself. Leading up to 1947, the HUAC was becoming increasingly concerned with the growing influence of Hollywood and cinema. Films like Mission to Moscow (1943) and Song of Russia (1944) concerned the HUAC. The two big studios, MGM and Warner, appeared to produce pro-communist propaganda. In 1946 Hollywood saw their highest revenue yet, making around $1.7 billion with over 4 billion admissions. Seeing the steady increase in revenue, the HUAC knew that such an influential institution was a prime target for communist infiltration. This culminated in a nineday hearing to assess the communist threat in Hollywood. The Blacklist was created, and the Waldorf Statement was issued by Hollywood declaring that executives would comply with the blacklist. By 1960, the Blacklist contained over two thousand names, and ruined a multitude of careers.The film industry has tried to avoid external censorship. In 1934 The House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce looked establishing a federal censorship board. Hollywood instituted The Motion Picture Code in the 1930s as an internal form of self-censorship to appease the government and avoid external regulation. Many of the rules denounce showing ev il in a positive light. I. No picture should lower the moral standards of those who see it. This is done: when evil is made to appear attractive, and good is made to appear unattractive. In accordance with the general principles laid down. No plot or theme should definitely side with evil and against good. The HUAC would bring many of these rules up years later during their inquiry into Hollywood. The film industry had other reasons to insert anticommunist themes in their works besides government pressure. Even though 1946 was a record year for Hollywood, they still worried about their future profits. United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. ended the ownership of theaters and exclusive holding rights by the movie studios. This made studios fearful of drastic cuts in their profits. Other factors made the studios fear for their profits. Television became a mainstay with full-scale commercial broadcasting beginning in 1947, and by 1955 half of all households owned one. Television was also affected by McCarthys witch hunts, however. Another issue was that many European countries in 1947 began raising taxes on foreign films. England imposed a 75% customs duty on all incoming films, which lost the studios millions. With the pressures from T.V., along with increasing cost of production, increase of foreign taxes, and labor issues, Hollywood feared collapse or significant harm to th eir industry. In order to attract more viewers, Hollywood sought to embrace the publics fear of the communist threat. They knew that addressing the Cold War, whether directly or in more subtle fashions, would put more people in the seats. Exposing the public to this sort of confirmation bias would not only increase revenue, but also appease Washington at the same time. Darryl Zanuck, head of production at Twentieth CenturyFox, said If you have something worthwhile to say, dress it in glittering robes of entertainment and you will find a ready market without entertainment no propaganda film is worth a dime. Zanuck knew that the public wanted to be entertained; that is why that is why Hollywood had over four billion admittees three years later. Zanuck knew that these propaganda films would be nowhere near as effective without Hollywoods touch. The direct propaganda films were the simplest and most blatant forms of anticommunism in the industry. Walk East on Beacon, directed by Louis de Rochemont and adapted from a Readers Digest article written by J. Edgar Hoover himself, was a detective film that sought to directly address Soviet subversion. It tells the story of a federal agent tracking down leaked atomic secrets and bringing light to the communist subversion. Of course this film has a very positive view of the FBI, and is trying to convey to the audience that they should trust the FBI to keep them safe from the communist subversion. This movie is about as good as one would assume a movie in which J. Edgar Hoover has a writing credit would be. Only receiving a 33% on Rotten Tomatoes, the film is not great, but it is very apparent in its goal. Westerns became a great voice for Hollywoods anticommunist sentiments directed at the public. John Ford was one of the most highly regarded western film directors who included his anti-communist views in his work. Ford was a very accomplished director winning seven out of twelve Academy Awards. His name was often associated with the greatest movie cowboy of all time: John Wayne. Wayne, who was brought in by the HUAC during their investigation of Hollywood and was the co-founder of the Anti-Communist Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, was a cold warrior who did his part by starring in these westerns pregnant with anti-communism. the growing defeatist attitude in the Cold War imposed on us by the Soviet [Union], and consequently needed to apprecia te the struggle our ancestors made for the precious freedom we enjoy. Wayne starred in Big Jim McClain; Big Jim McClain, a simple film that does not try to hide its anti-communist sentiments. In the film, Wayne plays HUAC investigator who saves Hawaii from communist subversion. He worked with John Ford on eighteen films. She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), being one of the Wayne and Ford collaborations, exudes the ardent anti-communist sentiments in a more nonchalant manner. In the opening scene a group of Indians are shown riding while narration plays over it. The narrator speaks of the threat the unification of red people everywhere poses to America, and how if they are not stopped soon, they will take centuries to defeat. Anti-communism undertones were very apparent in the narration of the opening scene, but it was not wholly spelled out, leaving some connections for the audience to make. More anti-communist westerns would arise in the late 1950s and early 1960s including The Magnificent Seven (1960) and John Waynes directing debut, The Alamo (1960). Science Fiction was a growing genre in the 1950s and was wholly affected by anti-communism. The sci-fi movies being produced in the late 1940s and 1950s were generally B grade films that could be churned out because of low budget costs. Due to the sheer number of sci-fi movies being produced they were the perfect vessel for anti-communism, but in more subtle ways than films like Walk East on Beacon or Big Jim McClain. Films like Them! (1954) taught the public to be weary of atomic power. The m! is about ants that became mutated by atomic tests in New Mexico. This radiation exposure makes the ants giant, and they begin to wreak havoc on society; they are eventually stopped by the brave military men. The American public already feared the power of the atomic age, and this only reinforced their fear. Kids hiding under their desks during fallout drills began to fear the threat of giant mutated creatures coming for them more than they feared the actual bomb. Them! also shows the public that their military is there to protect them from this new atomic threat. Films like Them! successfully play off the fears of the unknown nature of the atomic era. Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) is a prime example of science fiction making commentary on ideology. It tells the story of a small town doctor who begins to see paranoia running high in his town due to the people of the town being replaced by imposters. Just in the opening scenes one can easily see the similarities to the Red Scare, with paranoia running high and people concerned that their family or friends are communists. The main character, Dr. Miles Bennell, discovers the people of his town are being replaced by imposters that are coming from the pods found all over town. Invasion of the Body Snatchers exudes familiar characteristics that are common during the Red Scare of the 1950s, conformity, paranoia, and alienation. Conformity, as shown in the movie as accepting the pod people, was an important ideal during this time. The U.S. spoke of conformity against communism, urging citizens to report anything suspicious and to display Americanism and capitalism. Excessive confor mity, as in the 1950s, was a salve to smooth over obvious conflict and turmoil Bennells paranoia while telling his story to others captivates the paranoia that drove the McCarthy witch-hunts and is what the government used to keep their citizens ever vigilant against communism. In the closing scene of the film Bennells psychiatrist, who put his story off as the ramblings of a crazy man, sees one of the aforementioned pods and calls the FBI. Like in Walk East on Beacon or Them! this affirms the publics dependence on institutions such as the FBI and the military, and the message of if you see something call it in. Just looking at the movie poster for the movie indicates an undertone of communism. The background is washed with red and yellow with a hand coming out as if to snatch Bennell from the foreground of the poster. Something like this is subtle, but still conveys the message. One of the most ardent anti-communists in Hollywood was Cecil B Demille. He created biblical epics such as Ben Hurr (1959) and The Ten Commandments (1956). Demille, like many directors such as John Ford, mobilized the past for political use in the present. Biblical tales were often used in not only Demilles films but also in films like Samson and Deliliah (1949) and The Prodigal (1955) to make political statements. Many saw the Cold War as more than merely a political disagreement; they saw it in terms of religious context also. This can hardly be a coincidence. Many people, including some in Hollywood, believe that the Cold War is fundamentally a conflict between Christianity and atheism and that religion is therefore a strong weapon against Communism. Whether the pictures dealing with these three subjects are deliberate propaganda, or not, they belong to the same, easily recognizable, pattern of ideas The best propaganda, of course, is indirect, hardly noticeable. How many of us, I wonder, have not been taken in by any of it.17 Demille, being the son of a Protestant minister, he saw the importance of religion in the battle against communism. His greatest contribution to this was The Ten Commandments, the historical account of Moses exodus from Egypt. The theme of the film being whether men are to be ruled by Gods law, or whether they are to be ruled by the whims of a dictator like Ramses. One could replace Ramses name with Stalin in that statement and tell someone that this was a quote from Joseph McCarthy, and they would most likely be none the wiser. Demille clearly meant for Charlton Hestons Moses to be an allegory for America leading the rest of the world to freedom from the tyranny of the allegorical Egypt. Demille opens the film by walking on screen and asking, are men property of the state? Or are they free souls under God? This same battle continues throughout the world today. Demilles biblical epic won six out of the seven Academy Awards it was nominated for and is now seen as a classic. Most versions shown today have edited out Demilles questioning prelude to the film. Over time, as the Cold War cooled down, films became less subtle about their anti-communist sentiments, especially with the rise of action movies in the 1970s and 1980s. Movies like Rocky IV and Red Dawn pit America directly against the Soviets in more non-traditional settings unlike the direc t propaganda movies of the 1940s and 1950s. This history of anti-communism could possibly be blamed for all of the Russian villains in modern cinema. The popularity of film only continued to rise, and with it came a rise in public influence. Whether it was direct propaganda in frankly poor movies, like in Walk East on Beacon, or more subtle themes of the times in highly revered classics, like The Invasion of the Body Snatchers, anti-communism was very apparent throughout American film and was consumed by millions of viewers.

The Research Process - 3365 Words

Processes of research by Jonathan Guy In this essay I will outline the primary methods of conducting research, their advantages and disadvantages and will outline where they are best utilised. In addition to this, I will select certain methods of research that I believe will be applicable to my own dissertation and state why I will use those particular methods to conduct my own research. The first question we should ask is what is research? John C. Merriam considers research as a reaching out to bring together, organise and interpret what ever may be added to our store of knowledgeÂ…most truly exemplified when it involves the wider relationship of specific facts to the whole structure of knowledge. (C. Merriam, 1941, pg890) In†¦show more content†¦This approach to research has obvious advantages, namely its objectivity. It cannot be considered bias or subverted due to the theorisers own predispositions or opinions and it should therefore be true of itself; it is not subject to change as it merely categorises a factual state and it provides definitive answers from its research as opposed to just more questions or debatable theories. It does however have a number of disadvantages. It is arguable that the scientific method has no place in political theory as much of it is based in abstract theorising which cannot be objectively proved one way or the othe r and as such would be dismissed as irrelevant by the scientific methods (which is clearly wrong). Further, unlike in the natural sciences, the scientific method tends to be only descriptive of political science and does not in fact advance it in any way, rather it merely attempts to describe the state it is presently in (for example, it would not predict who will win the next election, but it would say who won the last one). 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People not only used to leave the organizations due to the personal reasons, the main reason is all about the industrial environmental factors â€Å"ABSENTEEISM†

Natural Law versus Utilitarian Law Free Essays

Abortion and Homosexuality, for many years, still remain one of the most crucial social and ethical issues of modern times. It has divided societies. Advocates and opponents continue to collide over debates, rallies, and violent confrontations trying to exert their rights to these practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Law versus Utilitarian Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both sides have valid arguments that led to legal battles and state legislation. Abortion is legal in 54 countries while it is illegal in 97 countries. Approximately 46 million abortions are performed worldwide every year, averaging 126,000 a day. In the United States, 1,370,000 occur annually. Since its legalization in 1973, there are more than 40 million cases reported. Many women use abortion as birth control while others because of rape or incest. Women decide to abort in order to postpone childbearing, cannot afford a baby, too young, will disrupt education or career, risk to fetal health, and risk to maternal health. Each year almost 26 million women obtain legal abortions while 20 million others obtain it illegally in countries that prohibit the practice. Moral considerations in abortion include: Is the fetus a person? What stage of development does it become human? Does the pregnant woman have the right to decide whether she wants the baby or not? Not allowing a woman to end her unwanted pregnancy violates her human rights? Are laws controlling abortion violates privacy? Would abortion be allowed to women who are victims of rape or incest? On the other hand, homosexuals are well-known throughout history and now becoming a phenomenon these days. Their fashionable lifestyle is now acceptable. Recent studies show that the prevalence of homosexuality in adult males of Western societies ranges from 2% to 8%, indicating that a significant number of the population have homosexual tendencies. Homosexuals are now found in all walks of life, in all kinds of families, in many religions and races. Homosexuality is illegal in 80 countries, 42 of these outlaw male-to-male sex. The legal status of homosexuals varies. In some countries, homosexual acts are prosecuted under morality law or public indecency and even put to death. In 2001, Netherlands became the first country to legalize same-sex marriages followed by Belgium in 2003, Spain and Canada in 2005, and the US State of Massachusetts in 2004. Among the strongest issue against homosexuals is that they are obsessed with sex, having little self-control or morality. Their promiscuous living enables them to have multiple partners as many as 100, making them vulnerable to and carriers of sexually transmitted diseases. Homosexuals continue their struggle for recognition. They fight for equal rights to employment opportunity, better access to health and insurance, freedom to marry, legislation for child custody, and the repealing of laws that ban transvestitism and cross-dressing among others. Considering these scenarios, different views and laws come into play, for or against: The Natural Law versus the Utilitarian Law. Both sides are trying to justify the actions. Natural law uses the principle of Double Effect wherein a person may lawfully perform an action from which two effects will follow, one bad, the other good. This principle states that evil must never be willed or voluntary or used as an end or means to an end. To determine whether the action is right the act itself must be morally good or neutral, the motivation may not positively intend the bad effect but may permit it only to attain the good effect, the good effect must be desired to compensate for allowing the bad effect, and there must be serious reason to allow the evil effect. The Utilitarian, in contrast, uses the principle of Utility that such action is right or moral when it promotes happiness or pleasure, and decreased the unhappiness or pain of individuals affected by the action. This principle is commonly known as achieving the greatest good for the greatest number. The law believes that all individuals are equal when determining the consequences of any given action and decides which action to take, of all the possible actions, to do the right thing. Abortion and the Utilitarian Law. The central arguments of this law in favor of abortion is that the woman has the right to control her own body, that abortion is a just exercise of this right, and that the law should recognize the right of choice. Denial of this right encourages illegal abortion and causes psychological anguish for women, especially those who are victims of rape or incest. The fetus, according to this theory, only becomes a person when it is viable in 23 weeks. At this time, the fetus has no legal rights. The rights only belong to the woman who can decide if she wants the baby or not. Reproductive freedom is a basic right. Abortion is justified if done within the period when the fetus is not fully developed. In this case, abortion is only terminating the pregnancy, not killing a child. Under its guiding principle of maximizing total happiness, denying a woman to end her unwanted pregnancy will cause her unhappiness and increase her pain. In addition, the baby will inflict physical and psychological harm as well as affect the woman’s mental health. If she is forced to care for the child, it will be a burden because she is not ready for the responsibility. She will be distressful in the future. Along the process, the child may suffer. Unhappiness will rule the lives of both mother and child, and the people around them. This law also compares abortion to self-defense. That if the baby poses a threat to the life or health of the woman, abortion will be the best possible action to take out the threat. Abortion and the Natural Law. The central arguments of this law against abortion is the notion that human life begins at conception, that abortion is a deliberate act of killing the life in progress, and that the law must prohibit unjust violations of the right to live. Nature has provided women wombs to create life, eliminating life would be unnatural. The act of abortion is evil because its motivation is willful and pre-meditated in terminating an innocent being. Under this theory, undergoing an abortion procedure is not allowed. However, other medical procedures could be morally good if only to save the life of a mother even if it resulted in the unintended death of the unborn child. The death of the child is not intentional but allowed to happen as a by-product of the action. Good acts must not be accomplished by evil deeds nor evil must not become an element in achieving the good. Abortion should not be used for family planning or prevent birth defects. If during treatment of a deadly disease such as cancer, through chemotheraphy or hysterectomy, the unborn child dies. The death of the child is not a mean to cure the illness. If there is a choice in getting the good effect without the bad effect, then this must be taken. If the action will result in lesser good and greater evil, the evil will be considered accidental or incidental. If a woman aborts her child to avoid embarrassment or maintain a shapely figure, this is not a reason of unintentional death but a planned one. All possible acts must be pursued to preserve life, but during the course of action one life is lost, the act is permissible and acceptable. Homosexuality and the Utilitarian Law. Referring to its principle that such action is morally right if it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, then homosexuality would be acceptable because homosexuals generate a lot of pleasure to a lot of people. As stated earlier, their practices allow them to experience various relationships with different partners. To this extent, homosexuality should be acceptable. This theory has three features on the issue: consequence, welfare, and sum-ranking. The act is moral if its consequences contribute to the happiness (welfare) of many people (sum-ranking). On this account there is no action that is neither right nor wrong. Homosexual acts are moral as long as they maximize happiness. All that matter is that their actions are right if it pleases everyone. The law also believes that homosexuality is a normal human condition not only brought about biologically or the environment but can affect early childhood. It covers every culture and age. Homosexuality and the Natural Law. In this theory, homosexuality is not acceptable because it simply does not conform in accordance with nature. A man and a woman are designed to complement each other in sex and marriage, to produce offspring and raise a family. Their bodies are intended for that purpose. Homosexuality defeats that purpose but only abuses the human body. Two men or two women cannot reproduce. Thus, it is considered unnatural and immoral because it destroys the essence of family life. Through adoption, gay couples may have the possibility to raise their own families. However, as a consequence, the children will grow up in an inappropriate living condition, bombarded by intrigues and unusual behavior of their so cold parents. Definitely, their way of thinking and behavior will likewise be influenced.   In this set up, the act imposes bad effects for the children. Conflicts may arise soon when the children reached the age of reason that perhaps will give way for separation and unhappiness. Legalizing homosexuality will affect the conduct and judgment of children as well as spread immorality. Its acts contradict all conditions of the double effect principle. There is no good effect, only evil effect. Homosexual act by itself is not good and its motivation is for self satisfaction not for the benefit of others. The gay ideology only reduces the human dignity. Their promiscuous acts not only create scandals that shook institutions like the church or government but give rise to a number of diseases that plague many nations. The practice of homosexuality presents lethal consequences to other people. As a result, the act results in a number of sexually transmitted diseases.   The Center for Disease Control cited that homosexuals make up 80% of all AIDS cases in America. People with same sex attraction are said to have personality problems and deserve to be treated. References Grisez, G.G. (1970). Toward A Consistent Natural Law: Ethics of Killing. (Reprinted). The American Journal of Jurisprudence. Vol. 15. [Electronic version]. Retrieve May 9, 2006, from http://faculty.msmary.edu/Conway/PHIL%20400x/Grisez%20Toward%20A%20Consistent.pdf#search=’the%20utilitarian%20law%20on%20abortion’ Alstad, D. Abortion and The Morality Wars: Taking The Moral Offensive. National Abortion Rights Action League, 1997. Retrieve May 9, 2006, from http://www.rit.org/editorials/abortion/moralwar.html Hinman, L.M. (2000). Contemporary Moral Issues: Diversity and Consensus. (2nd Ed.). Prentice Hall College Div; 1 edition (December 22, 1995). University of San Diego. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2000 Smart, J. J. C., Williams, B. (1973). Utilitarianism : For and Against. Cambridge University Press. United Kingdom. Finnis, J. (1980). (Natural Law and Natural Rights. Clarendon Law Series. Oxford University Press, USA (March 20, 1980). Ruse, M. (1993). Homosexuality: Right or Wrong? Free Inquiry. Volume: 13. Issue: 2. Spring 1993. Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism, Inc. How to cite Natural Law versus Utilitarian Law, Essay examples

Clinical Reasoning Cycle to Identify The Fall And Health Risk

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Reasoning Cycle to Identify The Fall And Health Risk Factors. Answer: Introduction: Clinical reasoning cycle or clinical judgment is the process used by nurses to collect cues of patients, process the clinical information, interpret the problem or patients condition, plan intervention, evaluate and reflect on the learning process. This process is important as it helps to identify the disease and health risk factors of patients and has a positive impact on patient outcomes. This process facilitates planning of appropriate intervention with support from best practice assessment tools and patient centered approach to care (Dalton et al. 2015). The report utilizes the clinical reasoning cycle process to identify the fall and health risk factors present in Leonard, a 65 year old man admitted to the hospital after falling at local shop. Based on this analysis, it discusses the best practice assessment tool used to deal with Leonard. Finally, the report highlights ways to ways to persons centered approach while providing care to Leonard. Identify Leonards falls and health risk factors using the clinical reasoning cycle Leonard, a 65 year old man came to the hospital after falling at a local shop. To analyse factors and health risk factors that lead to fall in the patient, the following steps is followed- Consider the patient situation- The case study of Leonard reveals he is an old patient admitted to the emergency department due to fall.Initial observation shows he has not sustained any fracture however his face and hip has been severely bruised. Collect information of patients- The result of initial clinical investigation shows that Leonard mainly has decompensated liver disease which occurs mainly because of deterioration in liver function of patients with cirhossis (Moreau et al. 2013). His presenting symptoms included dyspnea, lethargy, ascites and anorexia. He tends to be confused and disoriented with little attention to personal care. The past medical history of Leonardo revealed that he had alcoholic liver disease as he was heavy drinker consuming about 180g alcohol/day for years and his consumption for last month was 40g/ day which is above the normal limit of 20-25 g/day. Due to his alcohol dependence, other health complication is also observed in patient such as mental and behavioural disorder, limb oedema, urinary continence and regular falls (Rehm et al. 2013). Other health risk factor in patient includes industrial deafness, hypotension, anemia, decubitus ulcer on left leg and arthritis in the lower back. Process information- The diagnosis of decompensated liver disease in Leonard suggest that he is a heavy drinker because decompensated liver disease occurs only because of long-term excessive alcohol use in an individual. This is associated with symptoms of ascites (fluid in the belly), jaundice and confusion in patients (Mankal et al. 2015). Hence, the presenting symptoms of jaundice and ascites was seen in Leonard due to decompensated liver disease. Identify problem/s issues- After analysing the presenting symptoms and health related risk factor in Leonardo, it is understood that decompensated liver disease is a major health issue for patient. This creates risk of fall in patients and he needs immediate support to manage his daily living. Secondly considering his age and his deteriorating health condition, continous family support was essential for him. However, his wife has died and he has no children. His two sisters cannot be present by him during night, hence community support is extremely essential to manage him at home. Another issue affecting the health and well being of Leonardo is that his personal car has declined due to disoriented symptoms in patients. This has mainly occurred because of increase alcohol dependence which ahs affected his mental and behavioural condition. Hence, nursing support is also needed in this area to provide relief to patients. Establish goals- Considering the health condition of Leonardo, the main nursing goal is to reduce his risk of fall and decrease the symptoms of alcohol related disease. Take action- The main action needed to improve health of Leonardo is- To treat his deteriorating symptoms caused due to decompensated liver disease. To assess fall risk in patient and provide necessary support To assess his behavioural and mental disorder and address them To enhance his motor skills and meet nutritional needs. To address his disorientation and problem in planning task. Evaluate outcomes- Positive outcome will be identified by means of improvement in his overall symptoms. Reflect on new learning- Based on complication and issues faced in the process of planning care, nurse can reflect and learn new ways to improve nursing practice. Best practice assessment tool in relation to the case Leonardo who has been diagnosed with decompensated liver disease due to excessive alcohol use is suffering from mental and behavioural disorder. Due to his confused behavior and disorientation, it will be necessary for nurse to assess his mental status. The best practice tool for the assessment of mental status is the Mini Mental state Examination tool. It is an effective, reliable and most wide used screening tool used to assess the cognitive impairment particularly in older adults. This is necessary for Leonardo as he is a 65 year old cognitively impaired adult with past alcohol history. It would help to predict cognitive changes in patient and plan interventions accordingly. It mainly evaluates and assess seven areas of cognitive functioning and accepted sensitivity of the tool is high. The score obtained from the test will help to identify the impairment in executive functioning, abstract reasoning and visual perception of Leonardo (Baek et al. 2016). Hence, based on this score, adequate interventions can be determined for Leonardo. Leonardo has motor planning difficulties and his disorientation is a risk factor for fall. Fall can have a severe effect on Leonardo at such age. As he also needs support during mobilisation, it is necessary for nurse to assess his risk of fall on a regular basis. This can be done by means of Heindrich II Fall Risk Model which is an efficient tool to determine the risk for fall based on gender, mental and emotional status, symptoms of dizziness, medication effect and other risk factors (Zhang et al. 2015). The fall risk assessment by means of this tool is important in older adults like Leonardo because fall among older adults can occur due to multifactorial etiology like chronic illness, medication and other effect. In Leonardos case, this is necessary due to his past history of alcohol use, his present condition of decompensatory lung disease, disorientation and poor motor planning. The validity and reliability of the tool has been shown from large case control study in acute care f acility. The tool has sensitivity of 74.9% and specificity of 73.9% (Hendrich 2017). By this means of assessment, treatment of Leonardo can be aligned to reduce present risk factors of fall. Leonardo has been found to be anorexic due to which he has also been referred to a dietician. Nurse can use the Subjective Global Assessment tool to evaluate the nutritional status in patients during the treatment process. This is done by gathering information about the food intake, gastrointesitinal symptoms, weight changes and physical examination in patients by analysing subcutaneous fat, edema, muscular atrophy and ascites. However this tool is not reliable for cirrhotic patients due to changes in ascites and edema. Hence, anthropometric measurement can be used to evaluate nutritional status. Tricep skinfold and mid-arm muscle circumference also helps to evaluate nutritional status (Romeiro and Augusti 2015). Person centred approach to support Leonards right and follow professional obligations In relation to the case scenario of Leonardo, an old adult with multiple chronic condition, it is necessary to provide holistic care by focusing on the immediate clinical needs of patient as well as his basic right and dignity in care. Patient-centred approach will be important in providing treatment to Leonardo because it is a provision for holistic care which involves the patient in the care process to get the best outcome (Kitson et al. 2013). Therefore, as part of professional obligation, the main priority of nurse will be to manage nutritional imbalance in patient, stabilize fluid volume and vital signs within the normal change and administer appropriate medication to control edema and ascites (Runyon 2013). Apart from pharmacological and nursing intervention, Leonardos care will be done by effective interaction with patients to know their issues or attitude towards treatment. Based on their consent, treatment should be planned. This will keep the patient motivated and promote their involvement in care process too. Patients preference should always be kept in mind and they should be motivated to changes their habit and lifestyle (Osborn et al. 2014). By this approach, Leonardo may pay attention to his personal care needs. As part of delivery of nursing care, nurse will respect the value of patient and take account of his needs. Secondly, good communication will be needed to educate patients regarding self-care and moving with assistive device. This will ensure continuity within the service and establishment of therapeutic relation with patients (Starfield 2017). Conclusion The essay summarized the importance of clinical reasoning cycle, best practice assessment tool and patient centred approach to care by means of the analysis of the case study of Leonardo. This gave practical example regarding how patients risk factors can be analysed and processed to plan nursing intervention. Secondly, explanation regarding the best assessment tool for Leonardo suggests the importance of appropriate tool in examining physical and mental status of patients. On the other hand, patient centred approach helps in practicing in accordance with professional obligation and patients right during the care process. References Baek, M.J., Kim, K., Park, Y.H. and Kim, S., 2016. The Validity and Reliability of the Mini-Mental State Examination-2 for Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimers Disease in a Korean Population.PloS one,11(9), p.e0163792. Dalton, L., Gee, T. and Levett-Jones, T., 2015. Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,33(2), p.29. Hendrich, A. 2017.Fall Risk Assessment for Older Adults: The Hendrich II Fall Risk Model. [online] Available at: https://consultgeri.org/try-this/general-assessment/issue-8.pdf [Accessed 30 Apr. 2017]. Kitson, A., Marshall, A., Bassett, K. and Zeitz, K., 2013. What are the core elements of patient?centred care? A narrative review and synthesis of the literature from health policy, medicine and nursing.Journal of advanced nursing,69(1), pp.4-15. Mankal, P.K., Abed, J., Aristy, J.D., Munot, K., Suneja, U., Engelson, E.S. and Kotler, D.P., 2015. Relative effects of heavy alcohol use and Hepatitis C in decompensated chronic liver disease in a hospital inpatient population.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse,41(2), pp.177-182. Moreau, R., Jalan, R., Gines, P., Pavesi, M., Angeli, P., Cordoba, J., Durand, F., Gustot, T., Saliba, F., Domenicali, M. and Gerbes, A., 2013. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis.Gastroenterology,144(7), pp.1426-1437. Osborn, R., Moulds, D., Squires, D., Doty, M.M. and Anderson, C., 2014. International survey of older adults finds shortcomings in access, coordination, and patient-centered care.Health Affairs,33(12), pp.2247-2255. Rehm, J., Samokhvalov, A.V. and Shield, K.D., 2013. Global burden of alcoholic liver diseases.Journal of hepatology,59(1), pp.160-168. Romeiro, F.G. and Augusti, L., 2015. Nutritional assessment in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy.World journal of hepatology,7(30), p.2940. Runyon, B.A., 2013. Introduction to the revised American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Practice Guideline management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis 2012.Hepatology,57(4), pp.1651-1653. Starfield, B., 2017. Is patient-centered care the same as person-focused care?.Issues,2016. Zhang, C., Wu, X., Lin, S., Jia, Z. and Cao, J., 2015. Evaluation of reliability and validity of the Hendrich II Fall Risk Model in a Chinese hospital population.PloS one,10(11), p.e0142395.